China’s social credit system isn’t a world first but when it’s complete it will be unique. The system isn’t just as simple as everyone being given a score though

China’s social credit system has been compared to Black Mirror, Big Brother and every other dystopian future sci-fi writers can think up. The reality is more complicated — and in some ways, worse.

The idea for social credit came about back in 2007, with projects announced by the government as an opt-in system in 2014. But there’s a difference between the official government system and private, corporate versions, though the latter’s scoring system that includes shopping habits and friendships is often conflated with the former.

Brits are well accustomed to credit checks: data brokers such as Experian trace the timely manner in which we pay our debts, giving us a score that’s used by lenders and mortgage providers. We also have social-style scores, and anyone who has shopped online with eBay has a rating on shipping times and communication, while Uber drivers and passengers both rate each other; if your score falls too far, you’re out of luck.

China’s social credit system expands that idea to all aspects of life, judging citizens’ behavior and trustworthiness. Caught jaywalking, don’t pay a court bill, play your music too loud on the train — you could lose certain rights, such as booking a flight or train ticket. “The idea itself is not a Chinese phenomenon,” says Mareike Ohlberg, research associate at the Mercator Institute for China Studies. Nor is the use, and abuse, of aggregated data for analysis of behavior. “But if [the Chinese system] does come together as envisioned, it would still be something very unique,” she says. “It’s both unique and part of a global trend.”

What is China’s social credit system?

Unveiled in a 2014 plan, pieces of the system are already in place, and the Chinese government appears to be targeting a 2020 goal to get the rest in place, though that’s less a deadline and instead marks the end of a planning period, says Samantha Hoffman, a non-resident fellow at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute.

As yet, there’s no one social credit system. Instead, local governments have their own social record systems that work differently, while unofficial private versions are operated at companies such as Ant Financials’ Zhima Credit, better known as Sesame Credit. Ant Financial is the payment firm spun out of Alibaba. The systems use shopping habits among other data to inform credit-style scores, on an opt-in basis. “There is no single, nationally coordinated system,” Ohlberg says. And the pilots that do exist don’t all work in the same way.

The private systems, including Ant Financials’ Sesame Credit, often get conflated with the government plans, though they aren’t part of the official system. To be a bit more confusing, the data collected by private companies is expected to be hoovered up by the government in the future, and some of the data is already used in government trials. Sesame Credit says this is only with user consent.

That leads to a misunderstanding of what the social credit system actually is, notes Ohlberg. “What happened is some of the media took the private pilots, like Sesame Credit… and presented it as the social credit system,” she says. It’s not officially part of the system, and doesn’t have a license; though the pilot is approved, and indeed encouraged, it could one day be shut down by the government. “It kind of rides on the fashion for social credit.”

What’s troubling is when those private systems link up to the government rankings — which is already happening with some pilots, she says. “You’ll have sort of memorandum of understanding like arrangements between the city and, say, Alibaba and Tencent about data exchanges and including that in assessments of citizens,” Ohlberg adds. That’s a lot of data being collected with little protection, and no algorithmic transparency about how it’s analyzed to spit out a score or ranking, though Sesame does share some details about what types of data is used.

How does the social credit system work?

The target, eventually, is that the government system will be country wide, with businesses given a “unified social credit code” and citizens an identity number, all linked to the permanent record. “If you go to a credit China website, and you have an entity’s credit code, you can type that in and pull up credit records,” explains Hoffman. “Individuals will have ID-linked codes.” It’s less a score, she says, and more of a record.

Some reports talk about a blacklist; that’s part of the official government social credit system, which means if you owe the government money, for example, you could lose certain rights. There’s a difference between getting a low social credit score and being blacklisted by the government, such as for refusing to pay a fine.

The criteria that go into a social credit ranking depend on where you are, notes Ohlberg. “It’s according to which place you’re in because they have their own catalogs,” she says. It can range from not paying fines when you’re deemed fully able to, misbehaving on a train, standing up in a taxi, or driving through a red light.

One city, Rongcheng, gives all residents 1,000 points to start. Authorities make deductions for bad behavior like traffic violations, and add points for good behavior such as donating to charity. One regulation Ohlberg recently read specifically addresses stealing electricity. Of course, you’ll have to get caught first or be reported by someone else. While facial recognition is infamously used to spot jaywalkers, in some cities it’s not so automated, Ohlberg notes.

Private projects, such as Sesame Credit, hoover up all sorts of data on its 400 million customers, from how much time they spend playing video games (that’s bad) to whether they’re a parent (that’s good). That can be shared with other companies. One infamous example is Sesame Credit linking up with the Baihe dating site, so would-be partners can judge each other on their looks as well as their social credit score; that system is opt-in.

So far, taking part in both the private and government versions is technically voluntary; in the future, the official social credit system will be mandatory. That said, there’s plenty of pressure to take part now. “There are incentives for participating, and disincentives for not participating,” Hoffman notes.

What happens if you’re blacklisted?

Liu Hu is a journalist in China, writes about censorship and government corruption. Because of his work, Liu has been arrested and fined — and blacklisted. Liu found he was named on a List of Dishonest Persons Subject to Enforcement by the Supreme People’s Court as “not qualified” to buy a plane ticket, and banned from traveling some train lines, buying property, or taking out a loan.

“There was no file, no police warrant, no official advance notification. They just cut me off from the things I was once entitled to,” he told The Globe and Mail. “What’s really scary is there’s nothing you can do about it. You can report to no one. You are stuck in the middle of nowhere.”

What recourse is there? With the government system, if you want to be removed from a blacklist, you can either pay your bill or appeal to the court, says Jing Zeng, a researcher at the University of Zurich. “Bring your money to the court and then you get removed from the system,” she says. “It’s not a judicial system by itself, it’s still the court you need to [appeal to].”

However, the Chinese justice system leaves much to be desired, says Hoffman. “There is no genuine protection for the people and entities subject to the system,” she says.

“In China, there is no such thing as the rule of law. Regulations that can be largely apolitical on the surface can be political when the Communist Party of China (CCP) decides to use them for political purposes.” In April 2018, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) sent letters to international airlines demanding they show Taiwan as part of China, saying the government would “make a record of your company’s serious dishonesty and take disciplinary actions” for any that didn’t comply; they all eventually did. The system used to pressure the airlines was a pilot of the Civil Aviation Industry Credit Measures, which is part of the official social credit system.

Alongside the potential for abuse of power, the knock-on effects of statewide surveillance, and the likelihood of incorrect data, Ohlberg notes that a few bad marks on a social credit record could spark a negative spiral.

While it varies by program, in some local pilots a positive rating means discounts and benefits, such as a simplified process with bureaucracies. If you have a low rating, you may have extra paperwork or fees. “Once you’re in a low category, it makes it difficult,” she says. “I see a huge potential for a negative spiral.” Such a system could further divide society, creating classes of people depending on their social credit — and this is where comparisons to Black Mirror pop up.

Why is China building this?

It’s all about building trust, says the Chinese government. The 2014 document describing the government’s plans notes that as “trust-keeping is insufficiently rewarded, the costs of breaking trust tend to be low.”

And Chinese society does have trust issues, says Ohlberg, be it food quality scandals, pollution, or employees not paying their workers. “But the system can also be used to enforce vague laws like endangering national security or unity,” she adds. Zeng says that can include food safety and product quality, major problems in the country. “It’s a big problem in Chinese society,” she says. “They are punishing companies for this kind of bad behavior.”

Plus, it could help build alternative means of financial credit, says Ohlberg, as many people in China live outside financial systems, and have no trustworthy credit rating. “Some of the earlier pilots of the social credit system that preceded the major policy plan that was published in 2014, were actually building a social credit system for the countryside,” she says. “The majority of people there wouldn’t have financial banking data on them.” For businesses, a social credit system could also be used for micro-enterprises, which couldn’t be assessed with traditional criteria.

Hoffman isn’t buying that argument, saying such a system is about government power. “If solving problems was the real goal, the CCP would not need social credit to do it,” she says. “China’s social credit system is a state-driven program designed to do one thing, to uphold and expand the Chinese Communist Party’s power.”

She adds that social credit is a tech-enabled way to tie political power to social and economic development that’s been discussed in the country since the 1980s, automation of Chairman Mao’s Mass Line — a term to describe how the party’s leadership shaped and managed society. “In Mao’s China, the Mass Line relied on ideological mass mobilization, using Mao Zedong’s personal charisma, to force participation,” Hoffman says. “The CCP could no longer, after the Mao era, rely on ideological mobilization as the primary tool for operationalizing social management.”

Is there more than social credit?

China’s social credit scheme is developing, but it is only one part of the country’s surveillance state. As well as tight controls on the web content which is available, through the country’s national firewall, there is monitoring and censorship of social media.

Ahead of the 30-year anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests, researchers at the University of Hong Kong found that critical posts on the social networks of Weibo and Wechat were removed. Leading video platforms also all simultaneously turned off comments saying system upgrades were needed. There have also been crackdowns on the use of VPNs, which can help protect people’s privacy online.

The country has developed advanced facial recognition systems that are able to follow people across entire cities. In a show of power at the end of 2017, Chinese officials working in cooperation with BBC News showed how it could track down and find one of the organization’s reporters within seven minutes. The movements of journalist John Sudworth were monitored as the country’s network of 170 million CCTV cameras was leveraged to follow him.

More worryingly, the region of Xinjiang, in the northwest of the country has become a test bed for China’s vast digital control operations. In particular, the largely Muslim minority of Uighur people has been subjected to increased surveillance and discrimination. It has been uncovered that more than 500,000 face scans of Uighurs have been conducted.

What does this mean for China?

The full extent of the impact on social credit to Chinese citizens is impossible to say, simply because the system doesn’t fully exist yet. Zeng suggests the reality is somewhere between the government’s claims and the Western media’s description of horror-filled dystopias. “It’s very like a baby step,” she said of the work that’s happened so far.

Ohlberg agrees that early reporting had multiple errors that led to misunderstandings of the system — but that doesn’t mean social credit isn’t dangerous. “It’s somewhere between the people who say the media coverage is inaccurate and that means it’s not so bad and the people who see this huge dystopia,” she says. “You have to find this space between that where you can explain it is actually quite scary, even if it’s not quite the way it’s portrayed.”

Because of that, no other country should be considering this idea, says Hoffman. “The west should not copy any aspect of social credit,” Hoffman says. “Often comparisons are drawn between private applications like Uber and its rating system for customers and drivers. While these private company systems are extremely problematic in my view, they are fundamentally different. The People’s Republic of China is an authoritarian country, the Chinese Communist Party is responsible for gross human rights violations for decades— just look at the example of Xinjiang now. There is nothing any liberal democratic society should even think about copying in the social credit system.”

Chinese actress, 39, is BANNED from leaving the country as she tries to board her plane after she was declared ‘untrustworthy’ by Beijing’s controversial ‘social credit system

China-born, U.S.-raised Michelle Ye Xuan was stopped at the border in Beijing, the star had been blacklisted by the social credit system without her realizing it, and she had refused to apologize to her boyfriend’s ex-girlfriend after defaming her, it remains unclear if Ms. Ye was using a Chinese or U.S. passport at the time

Millions of Chinese have been banned from trains and planes by the system

A well-known actress and former international beauty queen have been banned from traveling out of China after being deemed ‘untrustworthy’ by the country’s social credit system. China-born, U.S.-raised Michelle Ye Xuan, 39, only found out about the travel restriction against her when she was about to board a plane in Beijing last month.

Ms. Ye, who won the Miss Chinese International competition at the age of 19, had failed to follow a court order from last year after being found guilty of defaming her then-boyfriend’s ex-girlfriend on social media.

Ms. Ye, who grew up in Hangzhou and New York, is the first high-profile figure to be punished by Beijing’s controversial social credit system, which rates citizens based on their daily behavior and punishes ‘untrustworthy’ people in as many ways as possible.

Millions of offenders have been penalized since the national system was rolled out in selective cities in 2014. Having appeared in dozens of mainstream TV shows and films in both Hong Kong and mainland China, Ms. Ye is hailed by her fans for her ‘classic Chinese beauty’ appearance and enviable upbringing in the United States since the age of 10.

She studied at the liberal arts institution Wellesley College in Massachusetts, according to information on her verified Weibo account. Ms. Ye was sued in 2017 by her then-boyfriend’s ex-girlfriend, Lv Mei. Ms. Lv accused Ms. Ye of damaging her reputation by spreading malicious rumors about her on China’s Twitter-like Weibo.

The TV star was found guilty by the Shanghai Xuhui Court in April 2018. According to a court statement, Ms. Ye failed to meet the court’s order by the deadline of August. Ms. Lv then filed a request to the court for an injunction in September, and Ms. Ye failed to answer the subpoena.

The court said it then put a restriction on Ms. Ye’s ability to spend money in China – which the court said the star later broke – and attempted to contact her repeatedly, but the actress did not respond. As a result, she was blacklisted by the court and banned from leaving the country last December.

The court ordered Ms. Ye to stop the defaming activities, delete all related posts from Weibo, issue a written apology to the victim, and give the victim a payout of around 9,600 yuan (£1,088). Ms. Ye was stopped at the border at around 7 am on February 24 at Beijing Capital International Airport when her ID matched the data on the blacklist from the national social credit system. It remains unclear whether Ms. Ye was using a Chinese or U.S. passport at the time.

A judge of the Shanghai Xuhui Court was immediately notified. The judge contacted Ms. Ye, urging her to carry out her legal duty. The court said Ms. Ye agreed to do so at once. She deleted the required posts from her social media while still at the airport and handed the required apology to the court by noon. Ms. Ye was also fined 80,000 yuan (£9,000) for her behavior

Once built, the national system could determine how easy a citizen could rent a flat, buy travel tickets or pay for a cup of tea. With a tagline of ‘once discredited, everywhere restricted’, it vows to punish ‘untrustworthy’ citizens – many of whom are debtors – in all areas of life.

It is backed by a nationwide database, which tracks and rates the activities of the country’s 1.4 billion people, mainly in financial and legal areas. The database is facilitated by information from major internet service providers, banks, utility companies, and retailers, among others. Individuals and companies can check their personal social credit reports on Credit China.

The social credit system is facilitated by China’s ever-expanding surveillance network, which currently boasts 200 million AI-powered cameras. The number of cameras is set to triple in two years when the system is built. The surveillance network has been billed as the world’s most powerful facial recognition system and aims to identify any one of its 1.4 billion citizens within three seconds.

Critics, however, have voiced concerns over the system, claiming it’s a way for the government to invade citizens’ privacy and restrict their freedom. As of March 2019, 13.49 million Chinese citizens have been classified as untrustworthy throughout the country. Some 3.59 million defaulters have paid off a total of 440-million-yuan (£50) debts, according to China’s National Development and Reform Commission, which governs the social credit system.